Archive for the tag: System

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) and Calcium Signaling Pathway | Second Messenger System

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Lesson on the Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Calcium Signaling Pathway. IP3, calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important second messengers that are unregulated upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor. Inositol triphosphate and DAG are cleavage products of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved by phospholipase C. Increasing levels of IP3 lead to augmented cytosolic calcium levels that further lead to activation of downstream cellular targets.

Hey everyone. In this lesson you will be introduced to the IP3 and calcium signaling pathway. We will also discuss the purpose of the pathway, enzymes involved in the pathway, and how the pathway is regulated.

I hope you find this video helpful. If you do, please like and subscribe for more videos like this one. 🙂

JJ

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Thanks for watching! If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe! JJ
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DISCLAIMER: This video is for educational purposes only and information in this lesson SHOULD NOT be used for medical purposes alone. Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.

IP3-mediated signal transduction pathways
First messengers are extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. In response to exposure to these first messengers, intracellular signaling molecules called second messengers are released by the cell. Two such second messengers are IP3 and DAG.
Calcium is also an important second messenger. Transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels are caused by the binding of some hormones and signal molecules, and this can send important intracellular signals, by activating calcium-binding proteins that then perform various functions. Note that cytosolic increases in calcium concentration can occur in two ways. There are reservoirs of calcium that can be opened within the cell by the second messenger IP3 – the endoplasmic reticulum and calciosomes. Otherwise, cyclic AMP can activate the opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane so that extracellular calcium can rush in.
G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs, are integral membrane proteins, meaning that they are locked into the cell membrane. They are locked in via 7 transmembrane α-helical segments. GPCRs recognize ligands through an extracellular recognition site. They also have an intracellular recognition site for a G protein. When a ligand binds the extracellular recognition site of a GPCR, this induces a conformational change, activating the G-Protein.
There are different kinds of G proteins, sometimes also called membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins. Gs activates adenylyl cyclase. Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
Gq has three subunits – α, β, and γ. A conformational change in the GPCR activates the G protein. When this happens, the GDP on the Gα subunit gets replaced by GTP. This drives dissociation of the Gα subunit from the Gβγ complex. The now free Gα subunit can activate Phospholipase C-β.
Phosphatidylinositol-4-P (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) are produced through successive phorphorylations of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Once it is activated by a G-protein, Phospholipase C-β can break down PIP2.
PIP2 is hydrolyzed by phospholipase-C to produce inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), both of which act as second messengers. IP3 is hydrophilic, and diffuses into the cell, while DAG is lipophilic, and hence remains in the cell membrane. IP3 binds to calcium channel on endoplasmic reticulum (or the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the case of muscle cells) and allows release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. DAG, with the help of the calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum, activates the calcium-dependent Protein Kinase C. Once activated, protein kinase C adds phosphates to target proteins and causes cellular responses.

Medicare overview | Health care system | Heatlh & Medicine | Khan Academy

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Sal talks with Professor Laurence Baker of Stanford Medical School. Created by Sal Khan.

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Warren Buffett: Health Care Is A Tapeworm On The Economic System | CNBC

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Warren Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO, discusses how the health-care industry is a drain on the American economy.
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Warren Buffett: Health Care Is A Tapeworm On The Economic System | CNBC
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Cleveland Clinic’s Top 10 list of breakthrough technologies for the coming year has become an international sensation. Join us again as Dr. Mike Roizen and a panel of ten Clinic leaders roll out these much anticipated selections.

Defining Quality: Aiming for a Better Health Care System

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So you want to improve the quality of health care. But what, specifically, should you aim to improve? In this video, IHIs Former CEO Don Berwick describes a 2001 report by the Institute of Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm, that laid the foundation for health care reform all over the world.

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Dr. Oz Explains the Healthcare System

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With Donald J. Trump now President of the United States, many Republicans in Congress are seeking to repeal the Affordable Care Act. This means that the healthcare system is on the minds of many Americans – we’re here to help you decode it.

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The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been widely debated. While many believe that health care should be accessible to all, not all agree on which methods are best to achieve that goal. The speakers will discuss the ACA’s current components, why revisions failed to pass in the House and Senate and what to expect in the future.

Speaker: Michael Chernew, PhD and Joe Newhouse, AB, PhD

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