This video demonstrates key steps in performing milliequivalents calculations and provides pertinent examples.
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Lesson on the Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Calcium Signaling Pathway. IP3, calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important second messengers that are unregulated upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor. Inositol triphosphate and DAG are cleavage products of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved by phospholipase C. Increasing levels of IP3 lead to augmented cytosolic calcium levels that further lead to activation of downstream cellular targets.

Hey everyone. In this lesson you will be introduced to the IP3 and calcium signaling pathway. We will also discuss the purpose of the pathway, enzymes involved in the pathway, and how the pathway is regulated.

I hope you find this video helpful. If you do, please like and subscribe for more videos like this one. 🙂

JJ

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Check out some of my other lessons.

Medical Terminology – The Basics – Lesson 1:

Medical Terminology – Anatomical Terms:

Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway:

Wnt/B Catenin Signaling Pathway:

Upper vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions:

Lesson on the Purine Synthesis and Salvage Pathway:

Gastrulation | Formation of Germ Layers:

Introductory lesson on Autophagy (Macroautophagy):

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I am always looking for ways to improve my lessons! Please don’t hesitate to leave me feedback and comments – all of your feedback is greatly appreciated! 🙂 And please don’t hesitate to send me any messages if you need any help – I will try my best to be here to help you guys 🙂

Thanks for watching! If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe! JJ
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DISCLAIMER: This video is for educational purposes only and information in this lesson SHOULD NOT be used for medical purposes alone. Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.

IP3-mediated signal transduction pathways
First messengers are extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. In response to exposure to these first messengers, intracellular signaling molecules called second messengers are released by the cell. Two such second messengers are IP3 and DAG.
Calcium is also an important second messenger. Transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels are caused by the binding of some hormones and signal molecules, and this can send important intracellular signals, by activating calcium-binding proteins that then perform various functions. Note that cytosolic increases in calcium concentration can occur in two ways. There are reservoirs of calcium that can be opened within the cell by the second messenger IP3 – the endoplasmic reticulum and calciosomes. Otherwise, cyclic AMP can activate the opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane so that extracellular calcium can rush in.
G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs, are integral membrane proteins, meaning that they are locked into the cell membrane. They are locked in via 7 transmembrane α-helical segments. GPCRs recognize ligands through an extracellular recognition site. They also have an intracellular recognition site for a G protein. When a ligand binds the extracellular recognition site of a GPCR, this induces a conformational change, activating the G-Protein.
There are different kinds of G proteins, sometimes also called membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins. Gs activates adenylyl cyclase. Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
Gq has three subunits – α, β, and γ. A conformational change in the GPCR activates the G protein. When this happens, the GDP on the Gα subunit gets replaced by GTP. This drives dissociation of the Gα subunit from the Gβγ complex. The now free Gα subunit can activate Phospholipase C-β.
Phosphatidylinositol-4-P (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) are produced through successive phorphorylations of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Once it is activated by a G-protein, Phospholipase C-β can break down PIP2.
PIP2 is hydrolyzed by phospholipase-C to produce inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), both of which act as second messengers. IP3 is hydrophilic, and diffuses into the cell, while DAG is lipophilic, and hence remains in the cell membrane. IP3 binds to calcium channel on endoplasmic reticulum (or the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the case of muscle cells) and allows release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. DAG, with the help of the calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum, activates the calcium-dependent Protein Kinase C. Once activated, protein kinase C adds phosphates to target proteins and causes cellular responses.

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The method for quantifying calcium level over time from movie using ImageJ.
Calcium imaging; Cal-520; imageJ; Fiji
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Explanation of how to find the molar mass of Ca(OH)2: Calcium hydroxide.

A few things to consider when finding the molar mass for Ca(OH)2:

– make sure you have the correct chemical formula.
– always include the units for molecular weight (grams/mole).
– make sure you do the math right – follow the order of operations.
Watch: Molar Mass in Three Easy Steps: https://youtu.be/o3MMBO8WxjY

Note that molecular weight, molar mass, and gram formula mass are essentially the same concept.

Periodic Table Image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic-table.jpg

Mole & Stoichiometry Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZR1BGWBaZ1zrlxkYJDNW_HWdUib0Q8Pa

Finding the Molar Mass (sometimes called Molecular Weight although the units are different) of a compound is a essential skill for the chemistry topic of stoichiometry and the first step in converting from moles to grams (or grams to moles).

For more chemistry help visit http://www.Breslyn.org .

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Using the Periodic Table look up the atomic weight of each of the elements in Ca(OH)2. In most cases is it appropriate to round to two decimal places when finding the molecular weight for Ca(OH)2 (unless you were told to do otherwise). For molar mass for Ca(OH)2 (molar mass and molecular weight are the same thing) just add the atomic weights.

Note that for Ca(OH)2 you need to be sure and apply the subscript 2 to both the O and H. In other words you have two oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms.

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In this video we’ll write the correct formula for Calcium acetate: Ca(CH3COO)2.

To write the formula for Calcium acetate we’ll use the Periodic Table, a Common Ion Table, and follow some simple rules.

Because Calcium acetate has a polyatomic ion (the group of non-metals after the metal) we’ll need to use a table of names for common polyatomic ions, in addition to the Periodic Table.

Keys for Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic Compounds:

1. Write the element symbol for the metal and its charge using Periodic Table.
2. Find the name and charge of the polyatomic ion on the Common Ion Table (see https://youtu.be/N4N1Njh7nCo).
3. See if the charges are balanced (if they are you’re done!)
4. Add subscripts (if necessary) so the charge for the entire compound is zero.
5. Use the crisscross method to check your work.
Notes:

– Don’t write the subscript ‘1’.
– If you use the criss-cross method and end up with something like Ca2S2 you’ll need to reduce the subscripts to Ca1S1 which we write CaS.
Note: It is possible to have two polyatomic ions such as NH4NO3. In this case find and write both names as found on the Common Ion Table.

For a complete tutorial on naming and formula writing for compounds, like Calcium acetate and more, visit:

http://www.breslyn.org/chemistry/naming

Drawing/writing done in InkScape. Screen capture done with Camtasia Studio 4.0. Done on a Dell Dimension laptop computer with a Wacom digital tablet (Bamboo).

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In this video Doctor O’Donovan explains the calcium lab test including 1. What Calcium is 2. Why the test is used 3. What the result of the test might mean.

In the video I cover signs and symptoms of hyper and hypocalcemia and the meaning of adjusted or corrected calcium.

More information see: https://labtestsonline.org.uk/tests/calcium-test

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Disclaimer:

The video is intended as an educational resource only. The information within this video or on this channel isn’t designed to replace professional input, so if you have any medical issues please consult a medical provider. No professional relationship is being created by watching this video. Dr. O’Donovan cannot give any individual medical advice. All information should be verified for accuracy by the individual user. Dr O’Donovan accepts no responsibility for individual interpretation of data, although it is always accurate to the best of his knowledge at the time of the video being published. This is an EDUCATIONAL video. Images are used in accordance with fair use guidelines.

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Content provided via YouTube is for general information purposes ONLY. Information videos are not produced to provide individualised medical advice. Medical education videos on Doctor O’Donovan are not a substitute for professional professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. NEVER ignore professional medical advice because of something you have heard here. ALWAYS consult your doctor regarding any concerns about your condition or treatment.

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Recent news regarding calcium supplementation and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease has raised concerns, prompting physicians to have their patients stop its use.
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Calcium
First isolated by HUMPHREY DAVY in 1808.
It’s classified as a calcium salt.
Most widely used as a calcium Gluconate.
Calcium Gluconate introduced in 1920.

Mechanism of action.
Indications.
Pharmacokinetics.
Usual dose.
Common side effects.
Serious side effects.
Precautions for giving calcium injection.
Contraindications.

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PROPOFOL

ISOFLURANE

BAIN CIRCUIT

LITHOTOMY POSITION

Calcium.
Definition of calcium.
Calcium Gluconate.
Common side effects of calcium.
Serious side effects of calcium.
Usual dose of calcium.
Precautions of calcium.
Contraindications of calcium.

Calcium.
Calcium Gluconate.
Calcium infusion.
Mechanism of action.
Serious side effects.
Common side effects.
Dosage of calcium.
Precautions for giving calcium injection.
Contraindications.

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A complete description of Calcium gluconate benefits, dosage form, Indications, Antidote for Calcium channel blocker poisoning and used for Hypocalcaemia &Hyperkalemia, dose, administration, precautions, contraindications, overdose, toxicity symptoms, side effects, storage condition, mechanism, indications, and ADR’s.

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In this video well learn to convert grams of Ca (Calcium) to moles and then convert the moles of Ca to particles (atoms). The technique used can be applied to any gram to mole, mole to atoms conversion. For our practice problem we’ll convert 73.25 grams to moles (and then to atoms).

First, we’ll find the atomic mass of Ca from the Periodic Table. After that we’ll use the mole map (https://www.breslyn.org/chemistry/stoich/Printable-Mole-Map.php) to find the moles in 73.25 grams of Calcium.

For more help with moles to grams conversions and more:

• More Moles to Grams Practice: https://youtu.be/aIv5nr8ZNyw
• Molar Mass in Three Easy Steps: https://youtu.be/o3MMBO8WxjY
• Understanding the Mole: https://youtu.be/DyLktMPTuHY
• Moles – Gram Conversions: https://youtu.be/aIv5nr8ZNyw
• How to Balance Chemical Equations: https://youtu.be/zmdxMlb88Fs
• Mole Ratio: https://youtu.be/i71BMVlrMiw
• Reaction Stoichiometry: https://youtu.be/rrTqOsZPpaU

Converting between moles and grams is the cornerstone of being successful in stoichiometry, the study of chemical quantities. Take the time to learn mole conversions and you will find chemistry is much easier.

My chemistry website: http://www.Breslyn.org/stoich
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learn how to determine the mass of an element in a sample

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Using a spectroheliograph (SHG), we scanned the slit of a high-resolution spectrometer across the solar disk. The thick top line is the Ca-K line and the lower thick line is the Ca-H line. If you look at the darkest part of the lines, you can see the variations in brightness that correspond to surface structures on the sun’s surface. The thumbnail for this video shows a reconstructed image from this data using the Ca-H line.

John O’Neal from SOLARACTIVITY shares first light with his DAYSTAR FILTERS CALCIUM II H Line QUARK.
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