This video demonstrates key steps in performing milliequivalents calculations and provides pertinent examples.
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Lesson on the Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Calcium Signaling Pathway. IP3, calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important second messengers that are unregulated upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor. Inositol triphosphate and DAG are cleavage products of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved by phospholipase C. Increasing levels of IP3 lead to augmented cytosolic calcium levels that further lead to activation of downstream cellular targets.

Hey everyone. In this lesson you will be introduced to the IP3 and calcium signaling pathway. We will also discuss the purpose of the pathway, enzymes involved in the pathway, and how the pathway is regulated.

I hope you find this video helpful. If you do, please like and subscribe for more videos like this one. 🙂

JJ

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DISCLAIMER: This video is for educational purposes only and information in this lesson SHOULD NOT be used for medical purposes alone. Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.

IP3-mediated signal transduction pathways
First messengers are extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. In response to exposure to these first messengers, intracellular signaling molecules called second messengers are released by the cell. Two such second messengers are IP3 and DAG.
Calcium is also an important second messenger. Transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels are caused by the binding of some hormones and signal molecules, and this can send important intracellular signals, by activating calcium-binding proteins that then perform various functions. Note that cytosolic increases in calcium concentration can occur in two ways. There are reservoirs of calcium that can be opened within the cell by the second messenger IP3 – the endoplasmic reticulum and calciosomes. Otherwise, cyclic AMP can activate the opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane so that extracellular calcium can rush in.
G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs, are integral membrane proteins, meaning that they are locked into the cell membrane. They are locked in via 7 transmembrane α-helical segments. GPCRs recognize ligands through an extracellular recognition site. They also have an intracellular recognition site for a G protein. When a ligand binds the extracellular recognition site of a GPCR, this induces a conformational change, activating the G-Protein.
There are different kinds of G proteins, sometimes also called membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins. Gs activates adenylyl cyclase. Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
Gq has three subunits – α, β, and γ. A conformational change in the GPCR activates the G protein. When this happens, the GDP on the Gα subunit gets replaced by GTP. This drives dissociation of the Gα subunit from the Gβγ complex. The now free Gα subunit can activate Phospholipase C-β.
Phosphatidylinositol-4-P (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) are produced through successive phorphorylations of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Once it is activated by a G-protein, Phospholipase C-β can break down PIP2.
PIP2 is hydrolyzed by phospholipase-C to produce inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), both of which act as second messengers. IP3 is hydrophilic, and diffuses into the cell, while DAG is lipophilic, and hence remains in the cell membrane. IP3 binds to calcium channel on endoplasmic reticulum (or the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the case of muscle cells) and allows release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. DAG, with the help of the calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum, activates the calcium-dependent Protein Kinase C. Once activated, protein kinase C adds phosphates to target proteins and causes cellular responses.

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(USMLE topics, gynecology) Mechanism of action of the Pill.

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Birth control pills are medications used to prevent pregnancy. They contain hormones that suppress ovulation. The most effective type is the combination pill which contains both estrogen and progestin – a synthetic form of progesterone. These 2 hormones interfere with the normal menstrual cycle to prevent ovulation.
The menstrual cycle refers to the monthly events that occur within a woman’s body in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy. Each month, an egg is released from an ovary in a process called ovulation. At the same time, the lining of the uterus thickens, ready for pregnancy. If fertilization does not take place, the lining of the uterus is shed in menstrual bleeding and the cycle starts over. The menstrual cycle is under control of multiple hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Basically, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH; the pituitary secretes follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH; while the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are involved in a REGULATORY network that results in monthly cyclic changes responsible for ovulation and preparation for pregnancy.
The 2 hormones that are required for ovulation are: FSH, which starts the cycle by stimulating immature follicles to grow and produce a mature egg; and LH, which is responsible for the release of the egg from the ovary – the ovulation event itself. Two other hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are at high levels after ovulation, in the second half of the cycle. They suppress FSH and LH during this time, preventing the ovaries from releasing more eggs. If fertilization occurs, estrogen and progesterone levels REMAIN HIGH throughout pregnancy, providing a continuous suppression of ovulation. On the other hand, in the absence of pregnancy, their levels FALL, causing menstrual bleeding.
The levels of estrogen and progesterone in the combination pills mimic the hormonal state after ovulation, tricking the ovaries into thinking that ovulation has already occurred; FSH and LH are constantly suppressed, no egg is matured or released.
The pills are taken every day for three weeks, followed by one week of placebo pills containing no hormones. During the week of placebos, estrogen and progesterone levels fall, triggering a so-called withdrawal bleeding, or fake periods. The bleeding serves as a convenient indication that fertilization did not happen, but it is not required for birth control. In fact, there exist continuous-use contraceptive pills with less or no placebos, resulting in less or no menstrual periods. These pills are particularly beneficial for women who suffer from menstrual disorders such as excessive menstrual bleeding, painful menstruation and endometriosis.
For lactating women, or those who cannot tolerate estrogen, there are mini-pills that contain only progestin. These are not as effective as combination pills at preventing ovulation. Their effect relies more on the ability of progestin to promote secretion of a thick cervical mucus to obstruct sperm entry.
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This video is about the implant contraception for women. It describes how the implant works, the benefits, the procedure and risks of this form of contraception. For more information visit www.yourship.uk.

Design by https://design-science.org.uk/
Illustration and animation by Jamie Kendall
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Learn about the Giant Eagle Specialty Pharmacy: http://www.gianteagle.com/Pharmacy/Specialty/
We offer specialty medication and expert care to those with complex medical conditions, providing a personalized approach that complements patients’ specific therapy needs.
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At Giant Eagle, you’ll find thousands of new ways to save across the store and in our pharmacy, including FREE antibiotics plus & medications, helping to save you more and feel even better.

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This video explains how a contraceptive implant is fitted.

The contraceptive implant (Nexplanon) is a small flexible plastic rod that’s placed under the skin in your upper arm by a doctor or nurse. It releases the hormone progestogen into your bloodstream to prevent pregnancy and lasts for 3 years.

Click the link to find out where you can get the contraceptive implant fitted: https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-services/Contraception-information-and-advice/LocationSearch/730 or call the free and confidential sexual health helpline on 0300 123 7123.

0:00 – 00:21 What is a contraceptive implant
00:16 – 00:28 How a contraceptive implant works
00:29 – 00:41 When can a contraceptive implant be fitted
00:42 – 01:13 How the contraceptive implant is fitted
01:14 – 01:42 Side effects of having the contraceptive implant fitted
01:43 – 02:00 Possible changes to your periods
02:01 – 02:14 Time it takes to become effective
02:15 – 02:26 How long the contraceptive implant lasts
02:27 – 02:36 If this method of contraception is suitable for you
02:37 – 02:44 Outro

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The method for quantifying calcium level over time from movie using ImageJ.
Calcium imaging; Cal-520; imageJ; Fiji
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